In this article, the author analyzes the problem of predicting criminal behavior, as a central element of Argentine penitentiary law. To do this, the author describes clinical and statistical methods used by criminal courts, noting their virtues and disadvantages. Then, he postulates the convenience of resorting to the use of “composite” prediction protocols. Finally, the author focuses on the possible contributions of neuroscientific tests in terms of predicting violent, antisocial or criminal behavior.