Transport poverty is defined as a socio-economic condition that limits individuals’ ability to access essential services such as employment, education, and healthcare due to financial constraints or inadequate transport infrastructure. Understanding and measuring this phenomenon is crucial to identifying vulnerable groups and designing effective policy interventions. In Italy, household expenditure on mobility represents on average 10–11% of total consumption, with significant regional and territorial disparities. This paper aims at contributing to the analysis of transport poverty in Italy using microdata from the Household Budget Survey carried out by ISTAT. Different affordability indicators are constructed to assess transport expenditure burdens while a multilevel framework is specified to account for key dimensions influencing transport poverty. A refined understanding of the dynamics of transport poverty is provided, offering new insights for policies to reduce mobility inequalities.