The glorious civilization of the Aztecs impressed the Spaniards on their arrival in Mexico and it would undoubtedly have survived for a long time if it had not been delivered to the destructive fury of the colonizers and their obsession with eradicating the idolatry of the Indians. Many events marked the history of the Aztec people and one important step is the “Triple Alliance” which resulted from the union of three cities, a coalition under the military hegemony of Tenochtitlán. Around 1500, the Aztec empire, led by Moctezuma II, reached its peak. The death of the king in 1521 definitively sounded the death knell for this military power which had long been considerable. At that time, the Maya civilization, which was one of the most marvelous cultures of Mesoamerica for many centuries, had for a long time disappeared. The dazzling civilization of this people dates back to the end of the Preclassic Period. The Maya are known to have used an elaborate writing and to have measured time according to a “long count.” This chapter recounts the main characteristics of these two cultures, Aztec and Maya, traces of which only remain in a few codices and in the archaeological ruins of numerous sites. The text describes, with some details, the wonderful architecture with numerous pyramids and temples as well as the richness and diversity of the art.