Plants have formed the foundation of our civilization throughout history—as food, animal feed, fibres for clothing, and fuel. With rapid advances in biology and innovative processing technologies, as well as cultivating long forgotten but useful species, we are now unlocking the full potential of an extraordinarily diverse plant world. This chapter illuminates the range of plant resources and their transformative role in the modern bioeconomy. From traditional applications to groundbreaking innovations, it demonstrates how plant-based raw materials increasingly replace fossil and non-sustainable materials.