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Developments in astronomical and chronometric instruments and methods in the late-eighteenth century transformed the practice of navigation at sea. Improvements in maritime navigation went hand in hand with improvements in surveying and the determination of longitude on land. Astronomical observations determined longitude on land; chronometrical longitudes linked these to other places. In the early nineteenth century, however, there was still little consensus on the exact longitudes of many maritime ports. This article examines the first British expedition to measure the difference in longitude using chronometric differences. An examination of the correspondence between the Admiralty and the Board of Longitude reveals issues of authority and trust in methods, instruments and their users. This one-sided correspondence, from John Croker to Thomas Young, reveals many of the uncertainties surrounding the issuing of chronometers, Pond’s authority as superintendent, the relationship between the Board and the Admiralty, and the accuracy of the methods to be used.

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Astronomy and Chronometry: Experimental Practices to Improve Hydrography during the Early Nineteenth Century

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年

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  • Emily Akkermans

摘要

Developments in astronomical and chronometric instruments and methods in the late-eighteenth century transformed the practice of navigation at sea. Improvements in maritime navigation went hand in hand with improvements in surveying and the determination of longitude on land. Astronomical observations determined longitude on land; chronometrical longitudes linked these to other places. In the early nineteenth century, however, there was still little consensus on the exact longitudes of many maritime ports. This article examines the first British expedition to measure the difference in longitude using chronometric differences. An examination of the correspondence between the Admiralty and the Board of Longitude reveals issues of authority and trust in methods, instruments and their users. This one-sided correspondence, from John Croker to Thomas Young, reveals many of the uncertainties surrounding the issuing of chronometers, Pond’s authority as superintendent, the relationship between the Board and the Admiralty, and the accuracy of the methods to be used.