Patients with short bowel syndrome (SBS) face a high risk of malnutrition; therefore, there is a need for complex nutritional assessment and specific dietary support. Nutritional evaluation includes dietary intake, anthropometric measurements, body composition, functional assessment and specific deficiencies due to loss of intestinal absorptive capacity. Measurements, such as dietary recalls, stool assessments and indicators of renal function, such as hydration status and urinary output, are critical. Traditional anthropometric measures, such as body mass index (BMI), in analysing the nutritional status in SBS are inadequate, thus advocating for advanced evaluation methods, including dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), imaging studies and bioelectrical impedance analysis. Also, muscle strength assessments emphasize the prevalence of sarcopenia in these patients. Dietary interventions are tailored to individual nutrient needs, based on the phenotype of bowel resection. Diet management comprises three phases: the acute phase, with parenteral nutrition (PN); the adaptation phase, with enteral nutrition and gradually weaning of PN; and the maintenance phase, through personalized dietary planning, nutritional supplements and hydration. These strategies are essential in improving long-term quality of life in patients with SBS.