This chapter examines the reception of Felix Klein’s school of mathematical productivity in Japan, particularly at Tokyo Imperial University, whose central position within Japan contrasts with Göttingen University’s peripheral position within Germany. It focuses on the work of two Japanese mathematicians. Tsuruichi Hayashi is representative of mathematicians who were strongly influenced by Klein without studying in Göttingen. Hayashi engaged in the translation of Klein’s and Hilbert’s works since his time as a student in Tokyo, and, already before becoming professor of mathematics at Tohoku Imperial University, contributed to the broad reception of Klein’s ideas that went beyond mathematics as an academic discipline. Takuji Yoshiye, in contrast, is representative of mathematicians who studied in Göttingen and who made use of this knowledge in their own academic teaching and research. Yoshiye’s career as a professor at Tokyo Imperial University also shows, however, that doing so strongly depended on institutional factors. It was only with the appearance of curricular freedoms and an “oral culture” (David Rowe) characteristic of Göttingen that his work bore fruits. The chapter also contributes to the research on mathematical seminars as an international phenomenon, and to the research on mathematics and the nation state.