Malnutrition, encompassing both undernutrition and overnutrition, remains a persistent and multifaceted public health challenge in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) [1]. Undernutrition, manifesting as stunting, wasting and micronutrient deficiencies, continues to disproportionately impact vulnerable groups, particularly women, children, and adolescents. Concurrently, overnutrition, characterised by overweight and obesity, is escalating at an alarming pace, driven by rapid urbanisation, dietary shifts towards energy-dense and nutrient-poor foods, and increasingly sedentary lifestyles [2]. These dual burdens of malnutrition not only compromise individual health outcomes but also impede socio-economic progress and the overall trajectory of sustainable human development [3, 4].