This paper provides a systematic and critical analysis of 130 studies to examine how sustainable production criteria are integrated into scheduling objectives across manufacturing systems. Our review extends previous research by categorizing articles based on scheduling problem types, problem formulations, resolution techniques, and sustainability aspects. We identify trends in the use of economic and environmental indicators, such as “Makespan” and “Energy consumption,” while noting that social indicators related to employee well-being and safety are underexplored. The analysis highlights the dominance of metaheuristic and hybrid methods in resolving complex scheduling issues, emphasizing the need for innovative algorithmic enhancements. These enhancements should aim to improve the efficiency, accuracy, and adaptability of resolution strategies to better integrate and balance multiple sustainability objectives, aligning technological advancements with sustainable production practices. This study guides future research directions and assists manufacturing companies in transitioning towards more sustainable and proactive production modes.