The goal of this chapter is to discuss how sociological and neuroscience research can be fruitfully synthesized to shed significant light on one the most complex problems in sociology – persistent inequality. I present a conceptual model which argues (1) persistent inequality is the result of short-sightedness in decision-making by individuals and/or collectives, as shown in sociological research; and (2) short-sightedness, in turn, is induced by uncertainty about the future. Neuroscience research shows how uncertainty can trigger neuronal processes which lead to short-sighted decisions and behaviors over time. Thus, research on uncertainty can serve as a foundational program for the development of neurosociology.