Social roles are the interface between the macro-level organization of society and individual behavior and interaction. The chapter explores how the recent emergence of neurosociology can contribute to a better understanding of social roles. It identifies three ways to approach the problem of roles from the perspective of neurosociology. First, it begins with the intersection between a sociological notion of role taking and the Theory of Mind, which is widely studied in social neuroscience. Second, it explores how the dual-process approach in cognitive psychology and neuroscience can be used to understand the interplay between the automated and controlled processes underlying social roles. Third, it shows how recent advances in neuroscience revealing the modular organization of the neural system can contribute to new ideas and hypotheses in the neurosociology of roles.