As the world accelerates the shift from fossil fuels towards sustainable energy sources, energy markets will play the crucial role of providing the mechanism through which renewable energy sources are integrated into the global energy system, including that of Africa. This Chapter suggests that for Africa’s energy markets to play this crucial role, inevitable trade-offs, hard choices, and critical reforms will need to be made. It finds that even as Africa faces challenges in nearly all areas of its energy ecosystem, the prospect of reforming the Continent’s energy markets in the light of the global energy transition presents opportunities for Africa to prosper. In summary, this Chapter explores the dynamics of Africa’s energy markets within the broader context of the global energy transition. It examines the challenges the Continent faces and the difficult choices that must be made if Africa is to embrace the opportunities for growth, innovation, and leadership in the renewable energy sector.