The contamination of sediments and soils by petroleum and its derivatives represents a significant global challenge. Conventional physical and chemical remediation methods often not enough to overcome the challenges posed by contamination, because the approaches are expensive, ineffective and environmental risks. As a result, many scientists focus on bioremediation techniques, which are cheaper, easier to handle and ecological. The bioremediation of soils and sediments mineralize (biodegradation) and transforming organic petroleum contaminants into inorganic compounds, carbon dioxide, and water. In addition, phytoremediation strategies can immobilize, extract, transform, accumulate, stabilize contaminants or to mediate a slower and safer release into the environment. This chapter discusses techniques for bioremediation of petroleum contaminated soils and sediments, emphasizing the advantages, disadvantages and indicating possibilities for future research.