Contamination of Antarctic soil by petroleum hydrocarbons originating from Arctic Diesel Fuel (ADF) leaks is a problem requiring urgent address. Among the technologies that can be employed for decontamination, bioremediation is a viable and low-cost process compared to alternatives. This chapter introduces the potential of microorganisms for bioremediation of areas polluted by petroleum and its derived products, further a case study is presented on the biodegrading capacity of eight bacterial strains previously isolated from Antarctic soil contaminated with hydrocarbons. A microcosm experiment was carried out using sterilized Antarctic soil with and without the addition of 1% ADF (v/w). Microbial respiration was monitored every 72 hours for 30 days, and the carbon content of the microbial biomass was determined after 30 days. The accumulated evolution of C-CO2 after ADF addition ranged between 92 and 1477 mg C-CO2 g−1 soil, while in the soil without ADF, the variation remained between 90 and 480 mg C-CO2 g−1 soil. The biomass carbon ranged between 12.7 and 90 μg C g−1 soil after ADF addition and between 1.6 and 11.7 μg C g−1 soil in the treatment without ADF. With emphasis on the use of Pseudomonas sp. and Rhodococcus sp., findings indicate that the tested strains are more efficient in consuming hydrocarbons recently added to the soil and are more viable for use in recent cases of contamination.