Petroleum pollution is a concern due to its extensive use and harm to ecosystems. Among the living organisms found in soils, earthworms are recognized as crucial contributors to soil health and fertility. Various studies have shown that petroleum contamination, including crude oil and its by-products, affects the behavior of earthworms, their population dynamics, and their role in shaping ecosystems. Petroleum contamination can disrupt these essential functions through various mechanisms such as direct toxicity, altered food availability, and changes in soil physicochemical properties. Potential remediation strategies harness earthworms’ bioremediation capabilities to mitigate the negative impacts of petroleum contamination. Earthworms’ capacity to degrade hydrocarbons and enhance soil microbial communities holds promise for sustainable soil restoration. This chapter delves into the mechanisms behind how earthworms respond to exposure to petroleum substances while emphasizing the significance of understanding both effects and metabolic adaptations. This chapter explores the multifaceted impacts of petroleum pollution at various levels, ranging from cellular responses to biochemical alterations and molecular mechanisms. By dissecting these intricate interactions, This chapter aims to elucidate the far-reaching consequences of petroleum contamination on vital soil-dwelling organisms, and in turn, on soil ecosystems. There is a need for a comprehensive understanding of the interactions between petroleum pollutants and earthworms to develop effective soil management and remediation strategies that can safeguard soil health and ecosystem sustainability in the face of petroleum contamination challenges.