Communities today show concern for remediation projects as pollution from rock oil poses considerable environmental problems. Though it comes with difficulties and costs time, bioremediation is economical and environmentally beneficial. This chapter offers a concentrated review of the issue of petroleum hydrocarbon contamination in soil and sediment, its ecosystem effects, and possible bioremediation solutions. Additionally, it provides a brief overview of several bioremediation methods, such as landfarming, phytoremediation, bioaugmentation, and biostimulation, which can be used to treat contaminated soil or sediment. Bioremediation has limitations and restrictions;- long time periods are needed, site-specific requirements must be considered additional to potential hazards. This chapter outlines requirements for successful bioremediation projects, including site evaluation, selection, and management in addition to communication with local communities, authorities, and stakeholders. The goal of this chapter is to inform academics, practitioners, and policymakers with a thorough and up-to-date knowledge framework to design and manage bioremediation initiatives; to clean up soil or sediment contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons.