Recent advancements in 3D printing materials have revolutionized manufacturing by enabling the production of biodegradable polymers, metal alloys, and composite materials with enhanced properties. This study employs a systematic literature review using Scopus, Web of Science, and industry reports, focusing on recent developments (2018–2024) in material performance, industrial applications, and sustainability. The research evaluates biodegradable polymers like NonOilen, conductive flexible filaments such as Filaflex Conductive, and high-metal-content filaments like 316L Stainless Steel, assessing their mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties through reported tensile testing, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and bulk resistivity measurements. Findings indicate that biodegradable polymers offer promise for sustainable manufacturing but face thermal instability and moisture sensitivity, while metallic filaments require advanced sintering techniques to reduce porosity and shrinkage. Despite these advancements, challenges such as recyclability, cost, and scalability persist. Future research should focus on enhancing durability, optimizing production methods, and integrating smart materials to enable next-generation adaptive manufacturing.