This paper proposes a detailed literature review and a comparative study of the localization algorithms and technologies. This review of the major localization algorithms highlights their properties such as number of reference nodes, degree of connectivity and accuracy. A comparative and descriptive study of localization algorithms and technologies is carried out in order to provide the keys for an optimal choice of localization algorithms. The paper offers a multi-faceted analysis of existing localization algorithms, highlighting their characteristics and classification features. A lal comparison of the various localization methods, presented in table form, highlights their features. On the one hand, this paper provides a taxonomy of localization algorithms and technologies to help understand their interrelationships and make them easier to assimilate. On the other hand, this paper offers a categorization of related work to give researchers an easier way to position themselves in their field interest.