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Non-animal stabilized hyaluronic acid/dextranomer gel was developed as a treatment for vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) in the 1990s. Safety and efficacy of endoscopic injection for the management of primary VUR has been well established and well-studied. While endoscopic therapy is highly effective for the treatment of most primary VUR, its efficacy in cases of structural/functional bladder anomalies is not as well established. These “complex cases” of VUR (e.g., high-grade VUR, duplicated systems, the adult population, and kidney transplant ureters) have historically not been deemed suitable candidates for endoscopic therapy. While resolution rates may be lower complex cases when compared to primary VUR, more contemporary evidence suggests that the success rates are high enough to support the use of endoscopic injection in the management of VUR in this patient population.

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Endoscopic Treatment for Complex Cases of Vesicoureteral Reflux

  • 章节

  • 发表日期：

    2025年

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  • Andrew J. Kirsch,
  • Benjamin H. Press,
  • Angela M. Arlen

摘要

Non-animal stabilized hyaluronic acid/dextranomer gel was developed as a treatment for vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) in the 1990s. Safety and efficacy of endoscopic injection for the management of primary VUR has been well established and well-studied. While endoscopic therapy is highly effective for the treatment of most primary VUR, its efficacy in cases of structural/functional bladder anomalies is not as well established. These “complex cases” of VUR (e.g., high-grade VUR, duplicated systems, the adult population, and kidney transplant ureters) have historically not been deemed suitable candidates for endoscopic therapy. While resolution rates may be lower complex cases when compared to primary VUR, more contemporary evidence suggests that the success rates are high enough to support the use of endoscopic injection in the management of VUR in this patient population.