The Himalaya, one of the most iconic and ecologically fragile mountain ranges in the world, is facing unprecedented threats from emerging risks, hazards, and disasters. This comprehensive synthesis reviews the current state of knowledge on the complex interplay between geological, hydrological, and atmospheric processes that underpin the region’s vulnerability to natural hazards. This chapter examines the impacts of seismic risk, climate change, land use/land cover changes, and infrastructure development on the region’s ecosystems, infrastructure, and human populations. The analysis reveals that the Himalaya is experiencing an increase in extreme weather events, such as cloudbursts, landslides, and floods, which are exacerbated by climate change. Several studies and researches also identify emerging risks, including earthquakes, glacial lake outburst floods, rockfalls, landslides and ecological risk, which pose significant threats to human settlements, infrastructure, and ecosystems. This synthesis highlights the urgent need for integrated risk management strategies, policy interventions, and community-based initiatives to mitigate the impacts of emerging risks, hazards, and disasters in the Himalaya. The findings have significant implications for sustainable development, disaster risk reduction, and environmental conservation in the region. This chapter serves as a precede to the investigation of the ‘Himalaya Dilemma’ in relation to risk, danger, and disaster by summarizing the next chapters.