Quasi-Proper Names and Pragmatics
摘要
In this chapter, I shall deal with quasi-(proper) names, that is expressions like ‘Mum’, ‘Dad’, ‘Grandpa’, ‘Grandma’ in English or ‘Papà’, ‘Mamma’, ‘Nonna’, ‘Nonno’ in Italian, especially used as vocatives.These expressions are directly referential, despite the display of conceptual materials. I broached this issue in (Capone, Alessandro. 2024. On quasi-proper names. Annali di Ca’ Foscari, serie occidentale, 58. https://edizionicafoscari.unive.it/it/edizioni4/riviste/annali-di-ca-foscari-serie-occidentale/2024/58/on-quasi-proper-names .), but in this chapter I want to deepen my considerations on language use and comparison with other expressions similar to quasi-proper names (e.g. quasi-quasi-proper names). My aim here is to describe their uses and to throw further light on the theory of proper names, by highlighting differences and similarities. My view is that quasi-proper names are even more directly referential than proper names, as they stress continuity in the reference to a certain person. While proper names are always contextual, in so far as the context can be used to select the referent in question (e.g. through salience), a quasi-proper name guarantees (a greater degree of) semantic continuity in that the referent is anchored to the speaker or alternatively to another deictic centre. Quasi-proper names are indexical expressions, while it is not clear that proper names are also indexical. While proper names usually require a speech act (the act of naming someone), so that a convention is created that helps circulate the name, quasi-proper names rely on conventions such as those available in the dictionary, as supplemented by specific rules of use. In this chapter, I expatiate on the differences between proper names and quasi-proper-names. I will also extend the discussion to expressions such as ‘Teacher’, ‘Coach’, ‘Professor’, ‘Caposala’ (Head-nurse), which are also indexical, although their indexicality makes reference to a wider group. I will also discuss terms that are similar to quasi-proper names such as ‘cugino’ (cousin), ‘compare’ (whose use I will explain later on), nicknames and pro-forms like ‘Ciccio’, in the Italian language. The chapter contains considerations on the pragmatics of language and language use.