This chapter outlines the primary traits of personnel management in the central and local government in Italy, focusing on two main areas: who is responsible for designing HR systems, and what practices are implemented at the organizational level. This chapter is divided into two parts: the first delves into the distinctive characteristics of the HR function; the second explores the features of HR systems, categorized into three aims: (1) planning the future workforce; (2) recruiting the targeted candidates; (3) retaining motivated civil servants. For each topic, this chapter discusses the current state of the art, comparing the Italian case to conceptual frameworks and the international scenario, analyzing recent trajectories of reform affecting organizational systems in Italy, and suggesting areas for future improvement. Personnel management in Italy displays a high level of decentralization, resulting in significant variability among different Italian public organizations. Despite recent reforms introducing common regulatory frameworks at the national level, certain implementation gaps persist. We call for further qualifying HR practices in Italy as a means to public value creation.