The development of an effective model of the judicial system of modern Ukraine cannot be done without a thorough study of the historical and legal experience of the evolution of judicial institutions in Ukraine. No doubt, the concept of development of the judicial system should take into account the results of scientific understanding of the factors that influenced the formation and development of the judicial bodies of Ukraine. In this context, special attention should be paid to the period of revolutionary struggles in Ukraine in 1917–1921, when important steps were made in the development of the Ukrainian state, the defining of its form, the organization of the state apparatus, its democratization, and the distribution of powers. In addition, it was found out whether Ukraine adopted the former imperial model of the judicial system of the Russian or Austro-Hungarian empires, or whether the judicial system of Ukraine in 1917–1921 acquired its own unique features. This period offers us interesting experience in the field of the judicial system and the organization of the judiciary for the development of a modern courts’ system. Even then, the features of the judiciary included its legal nature, independence from other branches of power, publicity, institutionalism, which is the subject of research in this article.