Staphylococcus aureus is associated with diseases that range from simple infections (cellulitis, folliculitis, impetigo) to severe infections (pneumonia, meningitis, endocarditis, septic shock, septicemia, and others), and it is considered the second most common pathogen involved in bloodstream infections. Important risk factors for severe infections are heart disease, diabetes mellitus, obstructive pulmonary disease, and neoplasms, but the highest risk involves patients on hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, HIV patients, and transplant patients. Among all S. aureus-associated bacteremia, 15–66% occur in individuals with dialytic chronic kidney disease, and in dialysis patients, this pathogen accounts for approximately 40% of severe infections. Peritonitis remains an important cause of catheter removal, transfer to hemodialysis, skin infection, hospitalization, and death among individuals in peritoneal dialysis. Sepsis is the main cause of association with acute kidney injury (AKI) in hospitals and intensive care units. Approximately 50% of AKI patients in the intensive care setting have sepsis. All these aspects of S. aureus infections and kidney involvement are discussed in this chapter.