Advances in medical technology—from antibiotics and organ transplantation to gene editing and artificial intelligence—have transformed healthcare and raised new ethical questions about the nature of medicine. These technologies not only alter diagnostic and therapeutic practices but also mediate how humans relate to one another and understand concepts such as health, illness, death, autonomy, and care. Drawing on ethics, law, history, and sociology, this volume offers a multidisciplinary framework for understanding how technological innovation reshapes ethical norms and social practices. As medicine becomes increasingly data-driven and technologically mediated, new frameworks and practices are needed to guide its development toward appropriate human ends.