In order to investigate the impact resistance performance of GFRP tube concrete-encased steel members (GFRP-CESMs) under lateral impact loads, 16 numerical models were established using the LS-DYNA. Based on the verification of the model of accuracy, the dynamic response of the member was studied, including the entire process of impact force, moment distribution, failure modes, and energy dissipation. The influence of impact velocities, GFRP tube thickness and winding angle was discussed. The research shows that compared to Concrete-encased steel members (CESMs), GFRP-CESMs demonstrate superior impact resistance and bending performance. With the impact velocity increased, the members significantly exhibited bending deformation, accompanied by the local failure of GFRP tube and concrete. Meanwhile, the constraint effect of GFRP tube significantly reduces the lateral deflection and improves the impact resistance on GFRP-CESMs compared with CESMs. Increasing the thickness and winding angle of the GFRP tube can significantly enhance the impact resistance of GFRP-CESMs. In addition, a recommended range of winding angles between 75° and 90° is provided.