Structures could encounter impact loads during the service life, such as vehicle collisions or falling rocks, which threaten the safety of the structures. To investigate the impact resistance of glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) tube concrete-encased steel members, 15 finite element (FE) models were established and validated using LS-DYNA. The failure pattern of the member was investigated, and the influences of the glass fiber orientation, slenderness ratio, impact location, and impact velocity on the impact resistance were discussed. The results indicate that the impact process can be divided into three stages: the peak stage, the plateau stage, and the unloading stage. The impact resistance is demonstrated in the plateau stage. The member exhibits shear deformation near the fixed end and flexural deformation at the impact location. Arranging the glass fiber orientation transversely and reducing the slenderness ratio could increase the impact resistance of the members. However, changing the slenderness ratio affects the impact resistance insignificantly when the impact location is near the fixed end. The peak impact force could be developed linearly with the impact velocity and an empirical equation is proposed to predict the peak impact force (PIF) based on the impact velocity.