Introduction to Virtual Planning in Orbital Region and Applications in Orbital Trauma
摘要
Traumatic injuries to the orbit are a heterogeneous group of fractures which can involve every wall of the orbit. Lateral orbital wall fractures can be easily managed through techniques of digital mirroring of landmark-based reduction. Orbital floor fractures are more complex, and their treatment strategy, as well as their VSP reconstruction, is strongly dependent on the size of the defect and its morphological features. Reconstruction of orbital floor defects can be performed using a spline-based method or mirroring, thus making orbital volumes similar, which is a key concept in planning of orbital fractures. 3D printing and image-guided surgery are the leading techniques to transfer VSP to surgical gestures: navigation enables to detect misplaced fragments and to reposition them by navigating the predicted reduction mask, whereas 3D printing may assist the anatomical reduction of rim fractures and, in floor fractures, might be either used to manufacture a model of reconstructed orbital floor to preform a titanium mesh, print a customized metal implant, or, if a transantral route to the orbital floor is chosen, navigate the endoscopic view and assist the harvest of a maxillary autograft. This chapter will examine each of the classes, presenting the most suitable VSP techniques for each fracture class.