Microplastics (MPs), plastic particles smaller than 5 mm, are a growing environmental threat, particularly in aquatic ecosystems. They originate from direct manufacturing (primary MPs) or the degradation of larger plastics (secondary MPs). MPs are now found in marine, freshwater, terrestrial, and atmospheric systems, impacting biodiversity and human health. These particles disrupt ecosystems by entering food chains, accumulating in organisms, and carrying harmful pollutants such as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and heavy metals. Human exposure occurs through ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact, raising concerns about long-term health effects, including inflammation and toxin accumulation. Addressing this challenge requires a multi-pronged approach. Preventive measures, including bans on microbeads and improved waste management, are essential. Advances in technology, such as microbial degradation and enhanced filtration in wastewater treatment, show promise in reducing MP pollution. However, challenges remain, including the detection of MPs and a lack of standardized methods for monitoring and analysis. Global collaboration, integrating research, policy, and public engagement, is vital to mitigating MP pollution. By combining scientific advancements with sustainable practices, the perpetual health of aquatic ecosystems and communities can be safeguarded.