Microplastic pollution (MPs) significantly threatens aquatic ecosystems worldwide, impacting wildlife, water quality, and food security. Sustainable bioremediation strategies to mitigate microplastic contamination, emphasizing their potential to restore ecological balance and ensure food and nutrient security. Bioremediation, utilizing biological agents such as microorganisms, fungi, and enzymes, offers an eco-friendly alternative to conventional methods that are often resource-intensive and environmentally disruptive. The mechanisms and applications of bioremediation are explored, focusing on the degradation of plastic polymers into non-toxic byproducts. Naturally occurring and genetically engineered microbes (Vibrio natriegens), and enzymatic solutions (Leaf-branch Compost Cutinase; LCC) are used for their efficiency in breaking down microplastics. Biological interventions, such as in vivo degradation by the lesser waxworm (Achroia grisella) and microbiological degradation by Bacillus cereus and Bacillus gottheilii, are complemented by advances in the structural design of synthetic biodegradable polymers and the synergistic actions of microbial consortia to enhance degradation rates. This chapter addresses the different factors influencing bioremediation success, including environmental conditions, microplastic traits, and microbial adaptation, while critically addressing challenges like scalability, efficiency, and ecological risks. By integrating bioremediation with emerging technologies and pollution management practices, we can harness its potential as a sustainable solution to mitigate microplastic pollution, safeguard food security, and promote ecological health. This chapter addresses gaps in bioremediation and food security, offering insights and strategies for sustainable environmental restoration.