The conservation of Apis mellifera biodiversity is critical for maintaining the adaptive traits of honey bee populations to their local environments. Europe, a hub of honey bee diversity, has faced significant challenges in preserving these adaptations due to apicultural activities over the past century. Since the early 2000s, conservation initiatives led by beekeeping associations and research institutes have gained momentum, focusing on “conservation via utilization,” where managed honey bees are preserved through selective breeding and controlled mating. Establishing conservation areas, whether on islands or mainland, requires careful assessment of geography, flora, existing beekeeping activities, and agricultural practices to minimize introgression and ensure genetic purity. Drone saturation and genetic diversity play vital roles in maintaining sustainable breeding and reducing hybridization risks. Active engagement of local beekeepers is paramount, as demonstrated in conservation efforts for Sicilian and Maltese honey bees. Monitoring through morphometric and genetic analyses ensures the effectiveness of conservation strategies. Legal frameworks, such as EU directives and international agreements, highlight the need for official recognition and protection of local honey bee populations. Strengthening these efforts will safeguard biodiversity, enhance resilience to environmental challenges, and secure the ecological and economic benefits that honey bees provide.