With the rapid aging of Chinese population, examining the adaptation and participation of older adults in the digital economy is crucial for promoting social inclusiveness and fostering economic development. This study investigates the relationship between the digital inclusion capability and consumption behavior of “new elderly” (individuals born in the 1960s), utilizing data from the CGSS2021 survey and a self-designed questionnaire (n = 135). The findings indicate that higher educational attainment among the “new elderly” enhances both digital inclusion and consumption capabilities. However, this relationship is significantly moderated by family structure: digital feedback from children facilitates the older individuals’ digital participation. This research offers new insights into understanding Chinese digital economy and recommends the implementation of targeted policies and family support mechanisms to narrow the digital divide among the older population.