Rapeseed is a significant oilseed in the world, used for the production of edible and industrial oil. Due to the observed trend of climate warming, rapeseed can become a crop that guarantees a high yield of high-quality seeds in the changing climatic conditions in Western Siberia. The research is aimed at studying spring rapeseed varieties and their yield formation in order to identify the most productive with the best quality and economic efficiency in the southern forest-steppe of Western Siberia. On average for 2023–2024 of the study, the varieties Sibiryak 60, Granit and Yarkiy were distinguished by a short vegetation period (94–95 days). Field germination varied from 83.3% for sort 55 Region to 84.8–84.9% for Yarkiy and Sibiryak 60. Plant survival to the end of vegetation was lowest in variety 55 Region (57%) and the highest in Yarkiy (61.2%). On average, the highest number of pods 62.1–62.2 was formed in varieties Sibiryak 60 and Yarkiy, and the lowest—57.2 pods—in variety 55 Region. The lowest number of seeds per pod was 29.5 and 29.6 in Yarkiy and Granite, respectively, and the highest number of seeds per pod was 30.7 in 55 Region. In the warm and humid year 2024, the weight of 1000 seeds was on average 0.58 g higher for the varieties and 4.28 g higher than in the drier year 2023. According to this structural indicator, the Yarkiy variety was distinguished, characterized by the largest full-weight seeds. In terms of seed yield, Sibiryak 60 and Yarkiy varieties stoodout 2.86–2.87 t/ha, and they also differed in high seed oil content of 52.3 and 51.9%, respectively, with the highest profitability of production—292.7–302.6%.