Two hundred years ago, the British surgeon James Parkinson reported on a disease he called shaking palsy (paralysis agitans). The essay, which has since attained the status of a medical classic, included five other similar cases and is an accurate description of a progressive, disabling condition. The reason for this disease remained hidden until an autopsy of a patient who died of tuberculosis showed an indication of the association of Parkinson’s disease with a specific area of the brain. It was Oleh Hornykiewicz who elucidated the pathogenesis disease in the 1960s and also established a therapy. He was able to show exactly that there was a deficiency of the substance dopamine in the central nervous system. By administering an amino acid obtained from fava beans, he was then able to carry out the first therapy on a patient in a Viennese hospital. The exciting story and other medical aspects are discussed in this chapter.