This chapter presents the key findings of a scientometric analysis of both 11,900 population papers and 500 top influential sample papers as well as the content analysis of the top 500 papers. It is found that the research has intensified in the 2000s, 2010s, and the early 2020s. Feng Chen, Sammy Boussiba, and Diana Kirilovsky are the most prolific influential authors whilst National Center for Scientific Research, University of California Berkeley, and Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization are the most prolific institutions. The top influential journals are Journal of Phycology, Marine Drugs, and Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America whilst the top influential countries are the USA, Germany, Japan, and Mainland China. The top phycological microalgal biomass classes are microalgae, cyanobacteria, and to a lesser extent diatoms, dinoflagellates, and coccolithophores whilst microalgae in general, cyanobacteria in general, Haematococcus, and Spirulina are the major algal biomass. The most prolific microalgal pigments are microalgal, cyanobacterial, and to a lesser extent diatom-based, dinoflagellate-based, and coccolithophore-based pigments while astaxanthin, carotenoids in general, chlorophylls, phycoyanin, and pigments in general are the primary microalgal pigments. Following the production of microalgal biomass, biosynthesis, metabolic engineering, extraction, purification, and biorefining of microalgal pigments are the major bioprocess for the production of microalgal pigments. This study shows that the scientometric and content analysis has a great potential to gain valuable insights into the evolution and dynamics of the research on the microalgal pigments.