Desalination and brine treatment technologies integrated with Renewable Energy Sources (RES) present a promising approach for achieving green growth and sustainable development. Desalination, the process of extracting fresh water from saline water sources, has gained significant importance in regions facing water scarcity. However, the disposal of concentrated brine by-product poses environmental challenges. This chapter provides an overview of desalination and brine treatment, highlighting their significance in addressing water scarcity and environmental concerns. It explores various brine treatment technologies, including biological, chemical, membrane-based, thermal-based processes, which enable the recovery of valuable resources from brine while minimizing its environmental impact. Furthermore, the chapter focuses on the integration of RES systems in brine treatment, emphasizing the use of RES such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric power. The coupling of RES with brine treatment technologies offers energy-efficient and environmentally friendly solutions, reducing carbon emissions and promoting sustainability. The chapter also discusses how the adoption of desalination and brine treatment technologies can contribute to green growth and sustainable development. It explores the potential for resource recovery from brine, such as minerals and metals, and the utilization of treated brine for other industrial applications, fostering circular economy principles. By examining the concepts of desalination, brine treatment technologies, integration with RES, and their role in green growth and sustainable development, this chapter provides valuable insights for researchers, policymakers, and industry professionals working towards water security and environmental sustainability. The integration of RES in brine treatment technologies opens new avenues for achieving a more sustainable and resilient water future.