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Although Lithium Ion Battery (LIB) is an efficient energy storage, lithium extraction from evaporation ponds is time-consuming and often involves large-scale mining operations which can lead to significant sustainability challenges. To combat these challenges, this paper aims to identify opportunities for higher value generation in Second Life (SL) of LIBs. A case study identifies chances for reducing environmental footprint and higher profit by initially applying SL Electric Vehicle (EV) batteries in E-scooters (ESs) and E-bikes (EBs), and later in Stationary Energy Storage Systems (SESS). A Tesla Model 3 battery with SoH 88–75% can conceptually be repurposed to 98 batteries for 5th generation ESs/EBs used in Germany by Bolt rental company. Dimensional and electrical capacity calculations of the Repurposed Battery (RB) prove its conceptual applicability in Bolt’s ESs and EBs. While providing the required energy output, the RB costs 69% less than a virgin battery based on factors given by ‘B2U: Battery Second-Use Repurposing Cost Calculator’ provided by National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), U.S. Department of Energy.

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Application of Second Life Electric Vehicles’ Lithium-Ion Batteries in Micromobility

  • 会议论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2025年

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  • Mustafa Anil Safran,
  • N. Badgujar,
  • N. Tantharatana

摘要

Although Lithium Ion Battery (LIB) is an efficient energy storage, lithium extraction from evaporation ponds is time-consuming and often involves large-scale mining operations which can lead to significant sustainability challenges. To combat these challenges, this paper aims to identify opportunities for higher value generation in Second Life (SL) of LIBs. A case study identifies chances for reducing environmental footprint and higher profit by initially applying SL Electric Vehicle (EV) batteries in E-scooters (ESs) and E-bikes (EBs), and later in Stationary Energy Storage Systems (SESS). A Tesla Model 3 battery with SoH 88–75% can conceptually be repurposed to 98 batteries for 5th generation ESs/EBs used in Germany by Bolt rental company. Dimensional and electrical capacity calculations of the Repurposed Battery (RB) prove its conceptual applicability in Bolt’s ESs and EBs. While providing the required energy output, the RB costs 69% less than a virgin battery based on factors given by ‘B2U: Battery Second-Use Repurposing Cost Calculator’ provided by National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), U.S. Department of Energy.