What Elements Make it Dark Patterns…?: An Analytical Derivation of the Thresholds in Terms of Disincentives for Cancellation in ‘Obstruction’
摘要
The variety of dark patterns is increasing, which complicates identification of their true nature. The present study explores the dark pattern type known as ‘Obstruction’. The definition of this term is unclear, as are the boundaries of its application. It is difficult to ascertain the intentions of the designers of many services around the world. The present study aims to contribute to the understanding of the concept of ‘Obstruction’ by examining the design intentions of various services worldwide. To this end, a comprehensive data set was collected through a meticulous examination of cancellation procedures for 121 subscription services. The user interface of each service was analysed through a systematic and methodical approach, with screenshots captured at critical moments during the cancellation process. The image data thus obtained was subjected to measurement and tabulation, with the objective of determining the active elements (e.g. the number of clicks and scrolls that are a burden on the user) and the visual elements (e.g. colour schemes, button designs, and content layouts that are considered to be obstructive elements). Furthermore, the timing of the deletion of credit card information in terms of the retention of personal information was recorded. The analysis of this comprehensive dataset yielded the identification of characteristics associated with so-called ‘disturbing elements’. In certain services, the combined effect of these disturbing factors enabled the discernment of dark pattern characteristics, and subsequent evaluation of these elements as dark patterns.