Neither the scenario evidence nor the stakeholder analysis included in this volume supports the view that there is an end in sight for the Israeli occupation of Palestine. Instead, the massacre of 7 October 2023 and the wholesale slaughter unfolding in its wake have relegated talk about ‘solving the conflict’ to the realm of fantasy. If further suffering is to be minimized, a first necessary step is the recreation of conditions that enable conversations about how occupation can be ended. In contrast with the habitual approach, peacebuilding has to proceed peacekeeping and peacemaking. Even this, however, requires solid international intervention, of which the likelihood is low at present. For now, Palestinian survival and resistance depend on steadfastness and resilience. International intervention should have four major components if it is to be effective, according to the analysis contained in this volume: (1) bring pressure to bear on Israel to raise the cost of occupation and its annexation policies. Non-state social and economic actors seem best placed to do so; (2) support long-term dialogue, activism and media coverage of conflict framing, mutual grievances and possible solutions; (3) link Arab–Israeli normalization and Iran-Gulf rapprochement with ending occupation; (4) revitalize Palestinian leadership, for example by rejuvenating and re-empowering the PLO.