Tissue regeneration around periodontally involved teeth and at edentulous sites with alveolar bony defects has been one of the fastest-developing research fields in dental biomaterials and tissue engineering. The requirement for three different tissue types around a root with an avascular surface characteristic, bacterial biofilm contamination, and an anatomy causing limited access have been major challenges in research progression, in addition to difficulties in designing well-controlled randomized clinical studies to evaluate treatment outcomes. Tooth loss itself causes significant alveolar bone resorption. Regenerating lost bone and ridge volume are critical to rehabilitate dentition to its pristine functional and physiological capacities. This chapter aims to provide a review of the periodontal anatomy and bone defect types in relation to periodontal tissue regeneration. Root surface conditioning and Guided Tissue Regeneration topics are covered as part of the historical development of regenerative treatment modalities. Available biomaterials and their limitations are discussed. Biologics are considered as potential products to overcome these limitations. The second part of the chapter reviews chronological changes in alveolar ridge dimensions and related mechanism(s) following tooth loss. Regenerative procedures indicatable to prevent and/or restore post-extraction tissue loss and their limitations are explored. A summary on current trends in biologics applied around teeth as well as at alveolar defect sites is provided. In preparation of this chapter, a simple plain written format is chosen for readers with no dental/periodontal background.