Temperature elevation in bone tissue during therapeutic ultrasound treatment (UST) can lead to necrosis if temperature exceeds 45 °C. Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) is a kind of cement applied in bone orthopedic treatments, which despite offering a low risk of thermal damage, and having evidence of the safe use of UST on bone cement, still have contraindications for its use in the region where it is present, to avoid possible thermal damage. The objective of this work was to compare two temperature assessment techniques: thermography and thermocouple thermometry, for heating patterns produced by a therapeutic ultrasound dose in a multilayer medium composed of commercial bone phantoms and PMMA. It was observed that there is a difference from 0.92 °C to 3.12 °C between the measurements made by the two methods, with higher readings for the thermovisor. Additionally, despite this difference, it is not statistically significant, indicating that both can be used. And even with this difference, the temperature did not reach the upper biosafety limit for the ultrasonic dose applied.