Human Longevity: Bringing Radical Disruptive Ideas into Light
摘要
Human aging is a puzzling and convoluted phenomenon. It is a gradual and lengthy process, which we all eventually experience. From a molecular standpoint, it is complex and multifactorial. Scientists are divided as to the causes of aging and how to define aging. While many accept aging as a natural process, we currently see a surge in longevity research in an effort to substantially increase life span. Indeed, the quest to increase our human life span has been embedded in our history and literature—and it is the most formidable and potentially impossible human quest, which is surpassed by difficulty only to human travel in outer space. Although our basic understanding of aging is rather fragmented at best, scientists have nonetheless discovered, mostly in the recent three decades, various interventions to extend the life span in animal lab models. These interventions are mainly clustered into three approaches—life style, drugs, and genetic interventions. However, while they work on certain animals, the translation of these approaches to human is limited at best. Perhaps partially due to our lack of understating of the core roots of aging, we likely face a defiant barrier to meaningfully extend human health span and an even more firm barrier to extend it beyond the current mark of 120 years. As such, it becomes increasingly evident that we should not only expend our research on current human interventions on aging, but also on interventions that are more radical. In recent years, we observed an improvement of biological technologies and in particular in synthetic biology. This enables scientists to generate novel proteins and essentially upgrade the biological capacities of an organism to combat aging. One recent fascinating line of such synthetic upgrade is the introduction of light harvesting proteins from distant organisms, such as bacteria and fungi, into animals. This ultimately enables respective animals to utilize the energy of light, much like the transduction of energy from the food we are eating, directly into electrochemical energy. Indeed, several lines of evidence support the notion that introducing light-activated pumps inside the mitochondria of yeast and worms mimics the activity of the electron transport chain, thus promoting the synthesis of ATP by light and independently from oxygen. Preliminary work shows promising utilization of such approach to extend life span, although the road into translating such radical approach into human health and aging is still ahead of us.