With the rapid aging of the global population, the decline of hand function in older adults has become a critical issue, seriously affecting their independence and quality of life. Exergames for hand rehabilitation that combine physical activity with gamification have emerged as an innovative approach to these challenges. However, the effects of feedback design, particularly the combination of feedback content and feedback time, on rehabilitation outcomes remain under-explored. This study investigated the impact of qualitative and quantitative feedback provided at three different time points (during the task, after the task, and before the next task) on older adults’ performance and experience in exergames for hand rehabilitation. The findings highlight the importance of tailoring different feedback mechanisms to optimize rehabilitation outcomes and provide a feasible guide to designing personalized feedback systems in exergames for hand rehabilitation.