In the wake of rapid globalization and the advancement of information technology, co-working spaces have emerged as a new work model, gaining widespread popularity due to their flexibility, community-oriented environment, and cost-effectiveness. However, there remains a significant gap in the domestic research concerning office furniture within these co-working spaces. This paper aims to explore the current state and challenges of office furniture design in co-working spaces from the perspective of adaptive design, and to provide solutions for the diverse office needs arising from frequent changes in enterprises and employees. Initially, this paper conducts an in-depth analysis of the current landscape of co-working spaces and office furniture design. Presently, much of the research on co-working spaces focuses on market trends and user behavior, with less emphasis on spatial layout and furniture design. Moreover, traditional office furniture exhibits notable limitations in addressing modern office environments’ varied user requirements, particularly in terms of problem-solving approaches, product positioning, and form. To address these issues, this paper introduces the theory of adaptive design. Adaptive design is a contemporary methodology that seeks to meet users’ evolving needs through flexible design solutions and product structures. Starting from the fundamental concepts of adaptive design, this paper analyzes its application in products and office desks and chairs, and outlines the process of adaptive design. Based on the theory of adaptive design, this paper proposes integrated strategies for co-working space furniture design, incorporating elements of humanization and intelligence. These strategies include: Multifunctional Design: By employing modular design, office furniture can serve multiple functions, allowing for rapid adjustments according to different work requirements. Dynamic Adaptive Design: Through the use of smart sensors and control systems, office furniture can achieve dynamic adaptability. Intelligent Design: Leveraging Internet of Things (IoT) technology and artificial intelligence algorithms, this paper explores the development of office furniture with intelligent adjustment capabilities. Human-Centered Design: Taking into account the physiological and psychological needs of users, this approach provides ergonomically designed furniture to ensure long-term comfort. These design strategies offer theoretical support and innovative thinking to accommodate the changing demographics of office workers and their personalized usage requirements. By integrating multifunctionality, dynamic adaptability, intelligence, and human-centeredness, not only can the comfort and efficiency of the office environment be improved, but operational costs can also be effectively reduced, enhancing space utilization and employee satisfaction.