Coffee, a commonly consumed drink with a complex chemical composition, has a significant impact on different aspects of human health. Herein, we review the compounds found in coffee, including caffeine, chlorogenic acids, fatty acids, carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins, and aromatic compounds. These ingredients exert various physiological effects and contribute to the sensory properties of coffee. Caffeine stimulates the central nervous system by blocking the adenosine receptors; Chlorogenic acids, with their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, enhance the health benefits of coffee; fatty acids influence the nutritional profile of coffee, and carbohydrates support the structure and contribute to the viscosity of the drink. Coffee consumption is associated with several health benefits, including the improvement of cardiovascular diseases, hepatic diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. However, due to genetic factors, lifestyle, and drug interactions, individual reactions to coffee may vary. Despite substantial progress in understanding the effects of coffee on the human body, further research is needed to develop evidence-based guidelines for coffee consumption.