A Systematic Review on Toxicological Analysis of Morphine Using Insects
摘要
Objectives: Insects fed on the decomposed cadaver are used as a source of samples for toxicological analysis when traditional samples like blood and urine are absent. While feeding on the intoxicated cadaver, the xenobiotics, like drugs and other toxicants, enter the metabolism of the insects. This systematic review aims to address the analysis of morphine using different stages of insects fed on the intoxicated substrate. Methods: A literature search was conducted in electronic databases like Scopus and PubMed. The studies that determined morphine using insects were included, while conference articles, review articles, and articles not in English were excluded from the review. Results: Among the articles retrieved, 16 satisfied the eligibility criteria. The types of insect species used for the studies included Luciliasericata, Dermetesfrischi, Protophormeaterraenovae, Calliphoravomitoria, Calliphoravicina, Chrysomyaalbiceps, Creophilusmaxillosus, Calliphorastygia, Drosophila melanogaster, Thanotopilussinuatus, and Lucilliacuprina. Different animal models, like rabbit, pig, beef, kangaroo, human cadaver, meat substrate, and cornmeal sugar yeast agar, were spiked with chemicals like morphine hydrochloride, morphine sulfate, heroin, codeine, methadone, titrated morphine, and morphine of different concentrations to simulate the realization process of death decomposition and detection of morphine from different stages of insects reared on the intoxicated substrate. Studies employed various methods for detecting and analysis of morphine, including HPLC,RIA, TLC, UHPLC-FTMS, LC-MS, and GC-MS.Morphine and its effects are mostly observed in the 2nd & 3rd in star larvae fed on higher concentration of morphine. Conclusion: The toxicological analysis of morphine can be performed using insects in various stages of life aiding in determining the cause of death and estimating PMI.