Nervous system is primarily responsible for an organism’s ability to regulate its memory, behaviour and cognitive processes. The neurotoxic consequences of microplastics are a developing concern nowadays. Even at ambient concentrations, both acute and long-term exposure to microplastics have been linked to neurotoxicity and cognitive impairment in mammalian models. In the brain, these plastic particles could increase the risk of inflammation, neurological disorders and potentially devastating neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. Moreover, the impact of microplastics may be exacerbated by additional risk factors, including a sedentary lifestyle, stress exposure, pesticide usage, and underlying chronic diseases like diabetes, thyroid disorders, and cancer. Individuals with Diabetes Mellitus and insulin resistance face a significantly higher risk of dementia, cognitive impairment, memory loss and Alzheimer’s disease. The interplay of these factors in contributing to neurological changes, including neurodegeneration poses a significant concern these days. Importantly, the relevance of toxicity data derived from healthy individuals may not extend to the larger population suffering from chronic illnesses like diabetes. To address this gap, we review microplastic toxicity in a diabetic model with emphasis on neurological consequences. By shedding light on the nuanced interactions between microplastics and underlying health conditions, this research contributes to a deeper understanding of the potential neurotoxic impact of microplastics on diverse populations.