Heavy metal remediation from a variety of matrices, such as water, soil, and industrial effluents, is addressed in this article via an extensive examination of absorbent-based methods. Highlighting their efficacy, mode of action, and practical uses in heavy metal removal, this article critically explores current breakthroughs in absorbent materials, including natural, modified, and synthetic sorbents. Also discussed in the article are some of the difficulties that absorbent-based remediation systems face, including regeneration, reusability, and scaling up issues. This critical review aims to provide insights that will lead future research by highlighting the need of finding novel, sustainable, and cost-effective ways to remediate heavy metals.