Humanity currently faces two fundamental challenges: first, prosperity that guarantees well-being for the entire population of the global north and south in a resilient and sustainable economy; and second, public and planetary health, essential to protecting human health and the viability of ecosystems. To materialize both challenges, it is necessary to reduce environmental impacts to levels below the planet’s capacity to withstand. The current ecosocial crisis can and should be seen as an opportunity to address unprecedented challenges in human history, so we need to develop novel and informed solutions that ensure long-term sustainability in social, economic and environmental terms.