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Soil nutrient variability, including factors like soil organic carbon (OC) and pH, is crucial for assessing land suitability and guiding agricultural decisions. This involves collecting and analyzing soil samples, and then correlating the results with crop yields across multiple seasons. In the post-harvest periods of November 2021 and March 2022, 70 soil samples were collected from 300 hectares in Tarakeswar, West Bengal, India. Ten soil parameters including pH, SOC, available nitrogen (N), electrical conductivity (EC), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), zinc (Zn) sand, silt, and clay, were analyzed for their impact on rice and potato yields using Pearson’s correlation, multiple regression models, and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to identify key soil fertility factors and conduct cluster analysis. In Season 1, Cluster 1 soils had average contents of P at 151%, sand at 51%, K at 33%, clay at 32.5%, N at 26.7%, silt at 16.24%, and a pH of 4.8. In Season 2, Cluster 1’s average P, K, and clay contents were 107%, 80%, and 44%, respectively, with N at 41.7%, sand at 34.4%, and pH at 5.1. Clusters 2, 3, 4, and 5 generally exhibited high levels of P and K, with P reaching 228% in Cluster 4 in Season 1 and K reaching 298% in Cluster 4 in Season 2. Soil properties such as pH, EC, and SOC show both visual and statistically significant relationships with crop yields. For rice, the correlation between yield and pH had R values of 0.216 in the first season and 0.520 in the second, while the yield-EC correlation in the second season was 0.337. Regarding potato yield, the correlation with OC had an R value of 0.245 in the first season. The relationship between potato yield and pH had R values of 0.396 in the first season and 0.060 in the second. Soil clusters were designated as management zones and evaluated for their suitability in agricultural practices. Key factors influencing rice and potato yields were pH, OC, and EC. It is recommended that farmers receive supportive policies and advanced technology to improve and maintain these soil parameters. Although cluster analysis is gaining traction, many areas still need significant development.

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Optimizing Crop Yield: Analyzing Soil Variability with PCA and Clustering Techniques

  • 章节

  • 发表日期：

    2025年

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  • Chiranjit Singha,
  • Kishore C. Swain

摘要

Soil nutrient variability, including factors like soil organic carbon (OC) and pH, is crucial for assessing land suitability and guiding agricultural decisions. This involves collecting and analyzing soil samples, and then correlating the results with crop yields across multiple seasons. In the post-harvest periods of November 2021 and March 2022, 70 soil samples were collected from 300 hectares in Tarakeswar, West Bengal, India. Ten soil parameters including pH, SOC, available nitrogen (N), electrical conductivity (EC), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), zinc (Zn) sand, silt, and clay, were analyzed for their impact on rice and potato yields using Pearson’s correlation, multiple regression models, and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to identify key soil fertility factors and conduct cluster analysis. In Season 1, Cluster 1 soils had average contents of P at 151%, sand at 51%, K at 33%, clay at 32.5%, N at 26.7%, silt at 16.24%, and a pH of 4.8. In Season 2, Cluster 1’s average P, K, and clay contents were 107%, 80%, and 44%, respectively, with N at 41.7%, sand at 34.4%, and pH at 5.1. Clusters 2, 3, 4, and 5 generally exhibited high levels of P and K, with P reaching 228% in Cluster 4 in Season 1 and K reaching 298% in Cluster 4 in Season 2. Soil properties such as pH, EC, and SOC show both visual and statistically significant relationships with crop yields. For rice, the correlation between yield and pH had R values of 0.216 in the first season and 0.520 in the second, while the yield-EC correlation in the second season was 0.337. Regarding potato yield, the correlation with OC had an R value of 0.245 in the first season. The relationship between potato yield and pH had R values of 0.396 in the first season and 0.060 in the second. Soil clusters were designated as management zones and evaluated for their suitability in agricultural practices. Key factors influencing rice and potato yields were pH, OC, and EC. It is recommended that farmers receive supportive policies and advanced technology to improve and maintain these soil parameters. Although cluster analysis is gaining traction, many areas still need significant development.